Screenshot_20250924-155725_1.pngExtended Notes on Structured Programming
🧱 1. Programming Paradigms
Structured programming is one of several paradigms:
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Procedural Programming: Focuses on procedures or routines (functions)
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Object-Oriented Programming: Organizes code into objects
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Functional Programming: Emphasizes immutability and pure functions
Structured programming falls under procedural programming, emphasizing a clear flow of control.
🧮 2. Program Development Cycle
A structured approach follows these steps:
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Problem Definition
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Algorithm Design (often using flowcharts or pseudocode)
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Coding
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Testing and Debugging
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Documentation
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Maintenance
🛠️ 3. Program Design Tools
These help visualize and plan logic:
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Flowcharts: Graphical representation of logic flow
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Pseudocode: Plain-language description of steps
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Structure Charts: Show hierarchy and module relationships
🔁 4. Control Structures
Control structures are the backbone of structured programming:
| Type | Description | Example Syntax (C) |
|---|---|---|
| Sequence | Executes statements in order | a = b + c; |
| Selection | Makes decisions | if, else, switch |
| Iteration | Repeats actions | for, while, do-while |
📂 5. Data Structures
Structured programming uses basic data structures:
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Arrays: Fixed-size collections
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Records/Structs: Group related data
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Pointers: Reference memory locations
🧩 6. Subprograms (Functions)
Functions promote modularity:
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Definition:
int add(int a, int b) -
Call:
add(5, 3) -
Scope: Local vs. global variables
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Parameters: Passed by value or reference
📁 7. File Handling
Structured programs often interact with files:
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Opening/Closing:
fopen(),fclose() -
Reading/Writing:
fscanf(),fprintf() -
File Types: Text, binary
📝 8. Documentation
Good documentation includes:
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Inline comments
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Function headers
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User manuals
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Technical specifications
- Teacher: Dan kiplangat